What are the emission control measures during the incineration process?

In the process of solid waste treatment using solid waste incineration furnaces, emission control is a crucial step to ensure environmental safety.

1. Optimization of the combustion process
High - temperature complete combustion: Maintain the combustion temperature above 800 - 1000 °C to ensure that the waste is completely oxidized in the main combustion zone and reduce the generation of unburned gases.
Design of the secondary combustion zone: Set up a secondary combustion zone at the rear of the furnace chamber to allow the remaining combustible gases to burn out again in a high - temperature environment, significantly reducing the emissions of harmful gases such as CO and HC.
Precise control of the fuel - air ratio: Use an automated control system to adjust the fuel input and the ratio of combustion - supporting air in real - time, preventing a decrease in thermal efficiency and an increase in NOₓ generation caused by excessive air.
Rapid cooling technology: Install a rapid cooling device at the flue gas outlet to quickly lower the temperature below 200 °C and suppress the re - generation of organic pollutants such as dioxins.

2. Treatment of particles and soot
High - efficiency baghouse filtration: Adopt a multi - layer filter bag structure to capture ultra - fine particles above 0.01 µm and significantly reduce PM emissions.
Electrostatic precipitation (ESP): In some processes, use an electrostatic precipitator in combination to pre - remove large particles and reduce the load on the baghouse filtration.
Cyclone separation and recovery: Use cyclone separation for the medium particles in the furnace, recover large - sized medium particles, and prevent them from entering the subsequent purification system.
Regular filter bag replacement and maintenance: Establish a system for monitoring and replacing the filter bags to ensure that the dust removal efficiency always remains above the designed value.

3. Control of acid gases and nitrogen oxides
Wet/dry flue gas desulfurization (FGD): Use limestone or alkaline solutions to absorb SO₂ and convert it into sulfates or calcium sulfate, achieving a desulfurization rate of up to 95%.
Semi - dry/dry acid removal: Inject lime powder or alkaline slurries in the high - temperature zone to quickly neutralize acid gases such as HCl and HF.
Selective non - catalytic reduction (SNCR): Inject ammonia or urea in the secondary combustion zone to partially reduce NOₓ at 900 - 1100 °C and reduce nitrogen oxide emissions.
Activated carbon adsorption: Use an activated carbon adsorption device for the remaining acid gases and trace organic pollutants to further improve the purification level.

4. Treatment of dioxins and harmful organic substances
Rapid cooling and addition of inhibitors: Rapidly lower the temperature in the flue gas cooling section and add dioxin inhibitors to prevent the formation and re - generation of dioxins.
Activated carbon adsorption device: Install an activated carbon adsorption tower at the end of the flue gas purification system to efficiently capture organic trace pollutants such as dioxins and furans.
High - temperature secondary combustion: Use the high - temperature secondary combustion zone to completely oxidize the remaining organic substances and reduce the potential for dioxin generation.
Online monitoring and automatic adjustment: Equip with an online dioxin monitor to monitor the emission concentration in real - time and automatically start emergency cooling or increase the activated carbon dosage when the concentration exceeds the standard.

5. Treatment of odorous and organic gases
Activated carbon deodorization: Install an activated carbon deodorization device in the waste gas treatment system to adsorb odorous gases such as ammonia and hydrogen sulfide and meet the requirements of the "Odor Pollutant Emission Standard".
Negative - pressure closed collection: Use negative - pressure closed collection for the unorganized waste gases generated in the waste storage pit, unloading hall, etc., to prevent the escape of odors.
Biofilter: Introduce a biofilter in some projects to biodegrade low - concentration organic gases and further reduce odors.
Automatic deodorization fan: Automatically start the deodorization fan under abnormal working conditions to send the waste gas to the deodorization device for treatment, ensuring that the emissions meet the "Odor Pollutant Emission Standard".

6. Environmental monitoring and emergency management
Continuous online monitoring system: Install online monitors at key nodes such as the flue gas outlet and waste gas emission port to record indicators such as SO₂, NOₓ, PM, and dioxins in real - time.
Regular third - party testing: Commission a qualified testing agency to conduct sampling tests on the emission levels annually to ensure long - term compliance with the standards.
Emergency response plan and backup facilities: Develop an emergency response plan for failures of the waste gas treatment facilities, and equip with backup power supplies and backup desulfurization/denitrification devices to prevent abnormal emissions caused by equipment shutdown.
Informatization management and traceability: Implement informatization management for the whole process of waste transportation, fuel input, and waste gas treatment to achieve data traceability and supervision and improve the overall environmental protection level.